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Diamond plate can also be used for wall panels, counter tops, tiling for other surfaces, and various architectural uses. If you love antiques, this process can be a lot of fun as there is a lot to learn. Google Maps Some articles have Google Maps embedded in them. The bow was often decorated with moulded knobs or spikes.

Is your piece in good la. It has a number under the manufacturer's name. It has a short bilateral spring. Look for a name on the back of the piece. So there are a lot of old religious items around. Found that the quality appropriate for the price. An approximate date can be responsible by examining: - the style of the object - the presence or absence of the crown before or after c. Porcelain Colouring The colouring is one of the easiest jumping off points when sifting through Clarice Cliff pottery and porcelain pieces. You could opt to purchase just one Clarice Lucifer piece for your home or create an entire set of beautiful, unique pieces that all complement one another.

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Lombardic gilded silver brooch from Tuscany, c. The fibula developed in a variety of shapes, but all were based on the principle. Technically, the Latin term, , refers to brooches; however, the term is widely used to refer to brooches from the entire and world that continue Roman forms. Nevertheless, its use in English is more restricted than in other languages, and in particular post-Roman brooches from the are just called brooches for example, the , where in German they would probably be fibulae. A cloak pin Unlike most modern brooches, fibulae were not only decorative; they originally served a practical function: to fasten , such as. Fibulae replaced straight that were used to fasten clothing in the period and the. In turn, fibulae were replaced as clothing fasteners by in the Middle Ages. Their descendant, the modern safety pin, remains in use today. In and other places where Latin was used, the same word denoted both a brooch and the because a popular form for brooches and the shape of the bone were thought to resemble one another. There are hundreds of different types of fibulae. Fibulae are also divided into classes that are based upon their general forms. Lost fibulae, usually fragments, are frequently dug up by amateur coin and relic hunters using. Detail of the inscription on the pinholder of the 3rd-century AD followed by a. Fibulae were composed of four components: The body, pin, spring, and hinge. Body The body of a fibula is known as either the bow or the plate, depending on the basic form. A bow is generally long and narrow, and often arched. A plate is flat and wide. Plates could be solid or openwork. The body was often decorated. The head is the end of the fibula with the or. The foot is the end of the fibula where the pin closes. Depending on the type of fibula, and the in question, the head of the fibula could be worn facing up, down or sideways. Pin The pin that is used to fasten the is either a continuation of the fibula's body or a separate piece attached to the body. The fibula is closed by connecting the end of the pin to a catch plate, or pin rest. Spring The body and pin meet at either a spring or. The earliest design is the spring which provides tension to the pin. The spring could be unilateral or bilateral. A unilateral spring winds around in one direction only. Unilateral springs are the earliest type, first appearing around the 14th century BC. Bilateral springs that wind around to both sides of the fibula body, appeared around the 6th century BC. Bilateral springs can be very short, with only one or two revolutions per side, or up to 10 cm long. Most bilateral springs are made of one piece of metal and therefore have a spring cord, a piece of wire extending from one end of the spring to the other. The spring cord can pass in front of or behind the fibulae body. Bilateral springs wrap around a pin or axle. These are usually made of iron even if the rest of the fibula and spring is copper alloy. In the 1st century AD some fibulae had springs that were concealed under a metal cover that was an extension of the fibula body. These are known as covered springs, or hidden springs. Hinge In the late 1st century BC or early 1st century AD a new design appeared in some bow type fibulae. A separate pin was attached to the head-end of the bow with a small hinge. In the second half of the 1st century AD, hinges were introduced to plate type fibulae. One or two small plaques were cast on the back of the plate and a pin was attached to them by a small hinge. Previously, plate type fibulae had bilateral springs attached to the back. In the 3rd century AD, the hinge was placed in the centre of a long transverse bar creating the famous fibula design. A few fibulae from a much earlier date also had hinges, although this design feature was very rare and soon died out for nearly five centuries. For example, the Decorated Arc Fibula Blinkenberg Type XII Variation 16 dating to the 5th century BC. It is important to note that different types of fibula construction were used contemporaneously. Though the introduction of the hinge was later than the introduction of the spring, the spring remained in use long after the hinge was introduced. Therefore, a given fibula with hinge is not necessarily more recent than one with a spring. Fibulae were originally used to fasten. They represent an improvement on the earlier straight which was less secure and could fall out. While the head of the earlier straight pin was often decorated, the bow or plate of the fibula provided a much increased scope for decoration. Among some , different fibula designs had specific. They could refer to a status or profession such as single woman, married woman, man, warrior, or chief. Some Roman-era fibulae may symbolize specific ranks or positions in the or auxiliary. In some cultures, fibulae were worn in pairs and could be linked by a length of chain. The Romans also used above the penis, thus hiding the glans, this was done both to show modesty and in the belief that it helped preserve the voice. This simple design, with a unilateral spring, looks remarkably like a modern. The violin bow fibula has a low flat arch; the body runs parallel to the pin so it resembles a bow. The bow could be round, square, or flat and ribbon-like in cross-section. Some had simple punched or incised decoration on the bow. Violin bow fibula, such as the Peschiera type and the Unter-Radl type, was introduced in the 14th century BC Late Mycenean III era by the on the Greek. The fibula soon spread to , and trading posts in. There were several variants of the violin bow fibula. The bow could bend, or from side to side while still remaining flat and parallel to the pin. These variants, such as the Grunwald type and the Hanua type, were found in the 12th and 11th centuries BC. In another variant, the bow, while still flat, widened out into an oval or diamond shape blattbugel in German. These variants, such as the Kreuznach type and Reisen type, were found in the 12th to 10th centuries BC. The spectacle fibula brillen in German consisted of two spirals joined together. It resembles a pair of or eye. These fibulae, such as the Haslau type and the St. Lucija type, were found in the 9th to 7th centuries BC. Some spectacle fibula were very large with spirals up to 10 cm across. A variant that appeared in the 6th century BC had four small spirals with a square, or squarish, cover plate on the middle, the Vierpass type. The in introduced a series of variations of the bow fibula in the 8th and 7th centuries BC. In these so-called Italianate fibulae, the bow begins, at the head, with a semi-circular form, but bends at its apex to angle straight down to the foot that was often lengthened and extended. The bow was often decorated with moulded knobs or spikes. The rear half of the bow was sometimes bent into a wavy, kinked shape. The latter variants were known as fibulae. Meanwhile, the 8th and 7th centuries BC saw the introduction of the so-called bow fibulae in. These fibulae had a near-perfect semi-circular arch sometimes decorated with knobs or round flanges. In the same period, the Hand or Arm fibula spread from , where it appears to have originated, to , and. In this design the bow was bent 90 degrees at the apex giving the fibula a shape when viewed from the side. The bow was usually decorated with a series of rings and dots. The catch plate usually had the form of a hand, making the entire fibula resemble an arm. In the 7th and 6th centuries BC, a series of variations of the bow fibula appeared in the southern , known variously as , , or bow fibulae. The high arched bow of these fibulae had large fins or knobs. The bow usually ended in a very large triangular or square catch plate. Some of the large square catch plates were decorated with complex incised or figural designs. Some of the fibula had a flat back indicating that they were likely cast in simple, open. Iron Age fibulae The saw an expansion in the use of fibulae. The rounded bow fibula underwent several variations and were usually highly decorated with incised or moulded designs. In one variation, the foot of the fibula that had previously terminated at the end of the arch with a simple catch plate, lengthened significantly. These extended foot fibulae, such as the Kahn type and the Pauken type, were found in the 7th to 5th centuries BC. The first long, bilateral springs appeared on some of these variants in the D2 era 5th century BC. Typical silver Dacian fibulae 1st century BC Museum of Transylvania Cluj Romania In another variation of the rounded bow fibula, the bow became fat and swollen-looking. In many of these Bow, or Sanguisaga, fibulae the catch plate became large and triangular. Another variant, the Certossa type, had a small square or ribbon cross-section bow and a short bilateral spring possibly the first use of a bilateral spring. Certossa fibulae are almost always very small. In the I, or La Tene A to B2, era 4th to 3rd centuries BC , fibula design became relatively standardised over a large geographic area, although minor stylistic variations and differences in decoration remained. The La Tene I fibula usually had a narrow bow. The spring that could be either unilateral or bilateral, was wound in a fairly large diameter circle. The foot was turned up and usually ended in a decorated knob or with an applied or stone. In some cases the raised foot was bent back towards the bow, although it did not touch the bow. The Thraco-Getic fibula is a variant found in the eastern and used by the. The fibula's foot is vertical and ends in a small knob, though later models had a sinuous, s-shaped profile. La Tene era fibulae. In the La Tene II, or La Tene C era 2nd century BC , the foot of the fibula actually bent back to touch the bow and was wrapped around it. Many La Tene II fibulae had long bilateral springs. It is important to be aware that this type of construction was in use several centuries later in the tied-foot and returned-foot types of fibulae. These latter types are sometimes known as pseudo-La Tene fibulae. In the La Tene III, or La Tene D era 1st century BC , the raised foot was no longer wrapped around the bow but was attached directly to it by or creating a loop above the foot. In one variant, the Nauheim type, the bow widened into a flat triangle or diamond. In another variant, the Schussel type, the ribbon-like bow widened at the head into a rounded shape that covered the spring. The spread of technologically advanced workshops in the Roman Empire led to more complex fibula designs. Bows were cast in more complex forms, hinges appeared alongside bilateral springs and a wide variety of plate designs were introduced. One of the first fibula designs of the Roman-era began in the III era, in the late 1st century BC. It resembles the violin bow fibula of over one thousand years earlier except that the bow has slightly more of an arch and the spring in short bilateral not unilateral. The Straight Wire fibula is found through the 1st century AD. In the 1st century AD, for the first time, several fibula designs originated in. Perhaps the most distinctive British fibula design was the Dolphin. This was actually a series of designs including the Polden Hill type, the Langton Down type, the Colchester type and the T-Shaped type. Dolphin fibulae have a smooth arched bow that tapers from the head to end in a long point. The long bilateral spring is covered. From the top the Dolphin fibula looks like a T or the late-Roman fibula. From the side it resembles a leaping. Roman era plate fibulae. Usually quite small, Hod Hill fibulae have a shallow arched bow that appears to be made up of lumpy segments. Many Hod Hill fibulae have a pair of small side. The Fantail fibula, which have a short bow that flares into a flat, wide fan-shaped foot, were common in Britain and on the European continent. The Fantail design lasted into the 2nd century AD. A common and widespread design was the Augen or Eye fibula, which has a longer bow and a long, flat, wide foot. It has a short bilateral spring. Many Augen fibulae are decorated with a pair of ringed dots, or eyes, on the flat foot. Augen fibulae appear to have been introduced to the by , notably , serving as. The Aucissa fibula was another widespread design. It has a high semi-circular arched bow that extended into a short foot. The bow is flat and wide and has a rounded central ridge. The bow ends, at the head, in a hinge. The Aucissa was one of the first fibulae to use a hinge instead of a spring. The foot ends in a rounded knob. This is thought to be the name of a. The 1st century AD saw several other bow variations. The Anchor type has a wide at the head giving the fibula an shape. The Thracian Anchor type is also called the Illyrian and is found in , and. The late 1st century AD saw the introduction of the Kraftig Profilierte group of fibula designs. Kraftig Profilierte fibulae have a wide fan-, or -shaped head and a long thin pointy foot. They have long bilateral hinges. There are three main variations of the Kraftig Profilierte fibula. The North Pannonian Double Knot type, found in has two knobs, or knots, on the bow. The Single Knot type, found in the central , has a single knob. The Black Sea type, found in the north of the , has a thin body, with no flaring near the head, and two knots. Kraftig Profilierte fibulae were found in the late 1st to late 2nd centuries AD and are mostly associated with the proto- culture. The 1st century AD saw the widespread use of plate fibulae. Plate fibulae consist of a flat plate. Since there is little space between the fibula body and the pin there is no arch to the body , plate fibulae could not be used to fasten much material and were therefore mainly. Most plate fibulae have a hinge assembly on the back. The most common forms of plate fibula in the 1st century AD were round disc , diamond, oval and lunula - or moon-shaped. A new design, the Head Stud type, has a long bow with a , or occasionally a ring, at the head. The Knee fibula, a common design in the 2nd century AD, originated in Roman modern. With its short, fat bow that incorporates a 90 degree bend, thought it resembled a and leg. Many Knee fibulae have small rectangular, or larger semi-circular head plates. Knee fibulae appear, like the Augen type, to have been introduced into the by allies. Despite their small size, their appearance in graves implies that the Knee fibula was the most popular fibula among Roman soldiers in the 2nd century AD. They are rarely found outside military sites or contexts. The Pannonian Trumpet fibula has a wide flaring head like the bell of a. However, unlike a straight trumpet, the Pannonian Trumpet fibula is sharply bent near the head. This design was found in and around but was exported as widely as. The P-Shaped type is another common 2nd-century AD fibula design that originated among the. The P-Shaped fibula, or Almgren Type 162, has a semi-circular arch and a long foot that curves back under itself to return to the base of the arch. They have bilateral springs. The bows of P-Shaped fibulae are usually semi-circular in cross-section and are decorated with ribs. P-Shaped fibulae were found from the 2nd to the early 4th centuries. There were other bow fibula variations of the 2nd and 3rd centuries AD. The Divided Bow type has an arched bow and a long foot. The arch was made up of two, or even three, separate, but parallel, arches. These arches are either wide and flat or narrow and tall. The Trident fibula has a rounded arch and long foot and a wide, flat head plate with three points. The entire fibula looks like a. Claims that this was the standard fibula of the are unfounded. The use of plate fibulae continued in the 2nd century CE. Simple flat shapes were replaced with versions or more complex shapes. These included animal shapes , , , flies, etc. Most designs continued in use throughout the 2nd and 3rd centuries. In one later variation during this time, the Tutulus type, the circular disc plate was extended upwards to form a. The 3rd to 4th centuries AD The use of continued until the end of the 3rd century AD. Many Tied Foot fibulae have long bilateral springs. The tied foot fibula was found in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD and is associated with the culture. The classic fibula of the late-Roman era, and in fact the best known of all fibula types, is the type. The crossbow fibula consists of a highly arched semi-circular bow, usually of squarish cross-section, and a long flat foot. The fibula has a wide transverse bar or arms at the head containing the pin-hinge. Crossbow fibulae usually have three round or onion-shaped knobs: one at the head and one at each end of the transverse bar. The later crossbow fibulae have been divided into groups by several including Keller, Prottel and Soupault. Type I, dating to the 3rd and 4th centuries, has small, simple knobs and a foot that is shorter than the bow. Type II, dating to the 4th century, has larger knobs and a foot that is approximately the same length as the bow. Type III, also dating to the 4th century, has a foot that is longer than the bow. There are several variants of the Type III based on the decoration of the foot: dotted circles, , or. Another variant, dating to the 4th and 5th centuries, the Bugelkopf type, has no transverse bar, or arms at all but retains the round knob at the head. Post-Roman fibulae High status Frankish brooches in the , France 5th Century AD There are numerous types of post-Roman fibulae. The so-called group of bow fibulae have a round or triangular flat head plate, often with 3, 5 or 7 knobs, a small arched bow and a long flat diamond shaped foot. They were widely used by the , , and , and the non-Germanic and , and are found over a wide part of southern and western Europe in the 5th and 6th centuries AD. There are also a wide variety of fibulae from the 5th to 7th century such as the equal-arm type and the small-long type. Most fibulae are variations on the ring or annular design see below. Ring fibulae and penannular brooches Main article: The ring, or annular, fibula or brooch is extremely hard to date as the design for utilitarian pieces was almost unchanged from the 2nd to the 14th centuries AD. If there is decoration, this is likely to indicate whether a given ring fibula is Roman-era fibula or a medieval brooch. The , with an incomplete ring and two terminals, originally a common utilitarian clothes fastening, normally of , in Iron Age and developed in the post-Roman period into highly elaborate and decorative marks of status in Ireland and Scotland, made in precious metals and often decorated with gems, and worn by men and women, as well as the clergy as part of their when conducting services. The finest period is from the 8th and 9th centuries, before the Vikings disrupted the societies. Examples like the are among the most spectacular pieces of jewellery of the Early Medieval period. When the Vikings began to raid and settle the British Isles, they took to wearing these brooches, but now in plain silver. The thistle and bossed types were the most popular styles, both developing out of earlier Celtic styles. Medieval brooches Brooch of gilded silver featuring Saint Olav in the center with an ax in his left hand. The two most common are ring brooches, including square and lobed or flower designs as well as round ones, and flat plate brooches, or , in the form of people or animals, with specialized types such as or , which were often produced in large quantities in cheap metals such as lead, but also in very expensive forms such as the. However these are mostly purely decorative, or worn to denote something about the wearer, and were probably not much used for fastening. Excerpt from the Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2000. Band 16: Studien zu den figürlichen Fibeln der Frühlatenzeit. Rudolf Habelt, Bonn, 1993. Bianco Lunos Bogtrykkeri, Kobenhavn, 1926. Die Fibeln der Kastelle Saalburg und Zugmantel in Saalburg Jahrbuch, XXIX, 1973. Excavations on Nor'Nour in the Isles of Scilly, 1962-6 in The Archaeological Journal, CXXIV, 1967. Fibules preromaines, romaines, et merovingiennes du musee du Louvre. Presses de l'ecole normale superieure, Paris, 1999. Die keltischen und gallo-römischen Fibeln vom Titelberg - Les fibules gauloises et gallo-romaines du Titelberg - Dossiers d'Archeologie du Musee National d'Histoire et d'Art XI. Früh- und ältereisenzeitliche Fibeln in Bulgarien. Fibeln im kroatischen Küstengebiet. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart, 2003. A Visual catalogue of Richard Hattatt's Ancient Brooches. Oxbow Books, Oxford, 2000. Die römischen Fibeln aus Lauriacum. Ashmolean Museum Oxford: A Summary catalogue of the Continental Archaeological Collections. BAR 674, Oxford, 1997. Celtic and Roman Artefacts. Buxton Press, Derbyshire, 2000. Der Wandel vorder- und zentralasiatischer Kulturen im Umbruch vom 2. Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums 23. Die römischen Fibeln aus Augst und Kaiseraugst. Forschungen in Augst 3. Anglia Publishing, Ipswich, 1994. Les elements metalliques du costume masculin dans les provinces romaines de la mer Noire. BAR 1167, Archaeopress, Oxford, 2003.